The nexus between nationally determined contributions and technology needs assessments: a global analysis     

Lindy Charlery  Sara Lærke Meltofte Trærup 《Climate Policy》2019,19(2):189-205

The role of technology in combatting climate change through mitigation and adaptation to its inevitable impacts has been acknowledged and highlighted by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In the developing world, this has received particular attention through the technology needs assessment (TNA) process. As Parties put forward their national pledges to combat climate change, the scarcity of resources makes it important to assess (i) whether national processes designed to tackle climate change are working together and (ii) whether existing national processes should be terminated with the initiation of new ones. This study presents an assessment of the existing TNA process and its linkages to the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. The conclusions stem from an assessment of the TNAs completed to date, as well as 71 NDCs from developing countries at various stages of the TNA process. The analyses show that further developing the TNAs could play a vital role in filling gaps in the existing NDCs, specifically those relating to identifying appropriate technologies, their required enabling framework conditions and preparing implementation plans for their transfer and diffusion.

Key policy insights

• The full potential of the TNAs has still to be rolled out in many countries.

• Developing countries can maximize the potential of their TNAs by further developing them to explicitly analyse what is needed to implement existing NDCs, including by better aligning their focus, scope and up-to-dateness with the priority sectors included in the NDCs.

• Requests of developing countries for international assistance, through technology transfer, will be better guided by the completion of the TNA process.

• Policies for strengthening the NDCs will benefit from the results of completed, ongoing and future TNA processes.

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Climate change and the agricultural sector in Ireland: examining farmer awareness and willingness to adopt new advisory mitigation tools     

Domna Tzemi  James Breen 《Climate Policy》2019,19(5):611-622

Agriculture is responsible for the bulk of Ireland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the potential to mitigate some of these emissions through the adoption of more efficient farm management practices may be hampered by farmers’ awareness and attitude towards climate change and agriculture’s role in contributing to GHG emissions. This paper presents results from a survey of 746 Irish farmers in 2014, with a view to understanding farmers’ awareness of, and attitudes to, climate change and GHG emissions. Survey results show that there was a general uncertainty towards a number of questions related to agricultural GHG emissions, e.g. if tilling of land causes GHG emissions, and that farmers were reluctant to take action to reduce GHG emissions on their farm. To further explore farmers’ attitudes towards climate change, a multinomial logit model was used to examine the socio-economic factors that affect farmers’ willingness to adopt an advisory tool that would show the potential reduction in GHG emissions from the adoption of new technologies. Results show that farmers’ awareness of human-induced global climate change was positively related to the tool’s adoption.

Key policy insights

• Irish farmers are generally not sufficiently aware of the impact of their activities on climate change.

• A quarter of farmers believed that climate change will only impact on their business in the long-term; such an attitude may lead to a reluctance amongst these farmers to adopt management practices that reduce GHG emissions.

• Awareness of climate change affects positively the adoption of new tools to reduce GHG emissions on farmers’ farms.

• IT literacy affects willingness to adopt new tools to address GHG emissions.

• Reception of agri-environmental advice can have a positive influence on farmers’ willingness to adopt new GHG emission abatement tools.

• Farmers in receipt of environmental subsidies are more likely to adopt new abatement tools, either because they are more environmentally conscious or because the subsidy raised their environmentally consciousness.

• Willingness to adopt differs between different farm enterprises; operating dairy enterprise increases the willingness to adopt new advisory mitigation tools.

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浙中一次多风暴类型强对流天气成因及多普勒雷达特征     

方桃妮  张小泉  叶妍婷  傅帅 《气象科技》2019,47(5):851-858

利用常规资料、区域自动站加密资料、探空资料、GFS 0.25°×0.25°逐6h的分析场数据和SB多普勒天气雷达资料对2018年5月18日发生在浙中地区的一次强对流天气过程进行分析。结果表明:此次过程产生了脉冲风暴、中等到强多单体风暴和飑线这3种风暴类型,分别出现冰雹、大范围强降水和雷雨大风等强天气。3种风暴的雷达回波在回波形态、强度、垂直结构、平均径向速度、垂直累积液态水含量VIL等特征如下:①脉冲风暴呈块状,初始回波高度在6～9km,强回波所在高度在-10℃等温线附近,强回波值达60dBz以上,VIL值出现跃升且最大值在50kg·m-2以上,冰雹出现在反射率因子核和VIL值迅速下降之后;②中等到强多单体风暴呈带状,大降水效率和"列车效应"是发生大范围强降水的主要原因,雷雨大风天气则与反射率因子核迅速下降、MARC、低层强辐散区有关;③飑线呈弓形回波形态,移速快,引起了大范围的雷雨大风天气。此次过程影响系统多,天气复杂,存在较大预报难点,在短时临近预报技术研究上有重要借鉴意义。  相似文献   

参数空间变异性下地下水污染监测网多目标优化机制研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

骆乾坤  吴剑锋  杨运  钱家忠 《地质论评》2015,61(3):570-578

基于野外实际含水层参数存在空间变异性的客观事实,研发概率Pareto遗传算法(Probabilistic Pareto genetic algorithm,PPGA),用于求解考虑含水层参数空间变异性下地下水污染监测网多目标优化设计问题。PPGA在ε-改进非劣支配遗传算法(epsilon-dominance non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm II,ε-NSGAII)的基础上通过添加概率择优排序和概率拥挤度技术,寻求考虑参数空间变异条件下地下水污染监测网模拟—优化耦合模型的Pareto最优解。将优化结果与蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo,MC)模拟分析结果进行对比,验证优化结果的可靠性。算例求解结果表明:在求解考虑参数空间变异性条件下地下水污染监测网多目标优化设计问题时,PPGA优化所得Pareto最优解变异性小,可靠性高,可为决策者提供一系列稳定可靠的监测方案。  相似文献   

全国自动气象站实时观测资料三级质量控制系统研制   总被引：20，自引：3，他引：17  

任芝花  张志富  孙超  刘一鸣  李俊  鞠晓慧  赵煜飞  李志鹏  张玮  李洪康  曾行吉  任晓炜  刘莹  王海军 《气象》2015,41(10):1268-1277

迄今,中国气象局已在全国建立了55000余个地面自动气象站（含国家级自动站和区域自动站）。为了促进众多台站观测资料质量提高,在实时业务中保障用户用到基本正确有效的数据,2009年底中国气象局启动了“全国自动站实时资料质量控制与综合评估系统建设”工程,旨在研制一套基本适用于全国自动站实时观测数据的质量控制技术方法,建立台站、省级、国家级资料部门的地面自动站实时资料三级质量控制与反馈业务系统。在探究自动站错误数据表现形式的基础上,研制了自动站实时观测数据质量控制技术;从业务分工与应用角度,设计建立了台站负责质量监控、省级负责质量控制和国家级主要负责质量评估的自动站实时资料三级质量控制系统。该系统已在2400多个国家级气象台站、31个省级和国家级资料部门安装部署与业务应用。通过系统建设与应用,实时上传的自动站数据质量得到明显改善。主汛期全国自动站逐小时气温、降水数据可用率分别从2009年的88%、83%提升到2012、2013年的98%左右。  相似文献   

National policy and SMEs in technology transfer: the case of Israel     

Aliza Belman Inbal  Asaf Tzachor 《Climate Policy》2015,15(1):88-102

Increasing the rate of climate technology transfer is a critical concern. The international community facilitates the development and deployment of climate technologies for the needs of the South in two primary ways: first, through the use of multilateral frameworks for technology transfer and, second, through in-country capacity building for research, development, and deployment in developing countries. However, scant attention is given to whether national-level frameworks in industrialized countries can support technology transfer. This issue may be of particular relevance to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developed countries, due to their relative lack of experience in international markets. The barriers that prevent SMEs from developing and exporting more technologies to the South are identified, by using Israel as a case study. Although Israel is an important global source of climate technology innovation, it currently does not engage much with the developing world. Four principle barriers to greater involvement of OECD SMEs in technology transfer for climate mitigation in developing countries are: (1) lack of knowledge of market needs in developing economies, (2) lack of financial mechanisms to support R&D, (3) lack of opportunities for partnership building, and (4) lack of support for demonstration sites in developing countries.  相似文献   

Innovation for sustainable energy from a pro-poor perspective     

Letha Tawney  Mackay Miller  Morgan Bazilian 《Climate Policy》2015,15(1):146-162

The development and transfer of clean energy technologies to achieve universal energy access is challenging due to the inherent complexities of the energy sector, and the energy governance and financial systems in developing economies. Innovation is an essential part of successfully addressing these difficulties. Duplicating the energy infrastructure models of developed countries will not be sufficient to meet the needs of poor consumers. To the extent that innovation can accelerate energy access, it is important to understand the specific types of innovations that are necessary and how they might be facilitated. The general features of existing international clean energy innovation systems, which are predominantly driven by the markets and emissions reduction mechanisms of developed and rapidly growing emerging economies, are reviewed and the alignment of these systems to the innovation processes required to extend energy access globally is evaluated. Drawing on the innovation policy literature, the attributes of effective international and domestic energy innovation systems that are pro-poor and the associated policy approaches are identified.  相似文献   

Intellectual property rights and the transfer of climate change technologies: issues,challenges, and way forward     

Ahmed Abdel-Latif 《Climate Policy》2015,15(1):103-126

The role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the development and transfer of climate change technologies has been a contentious issue in negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Irreconcilable differences seem to oppose those who believe IPRs are an inherent barrier to the transfer of climate change technologies and those who argue they are an essential incentive to innovation. After providing an overview of the polarized debate on this issue, this article reviews the existing literature and empirical evidence and looks into some practical initiatives and recent developments. Finally, it seeks to identify a way forward that could help overcome the current stalemate in international deliberations by suggesting a number of parameters to structure the discussion on this complex issue.  相似文献   

东亚多卫星集成降水业务系统   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

徐宾  师春香  姜立鹏  孟俊耀 《气象科技》2015,43(6):1007-1014

静止气象卫星与极轨气象卫星的集成应用,能够充分发挥静止气象卫星与极轨气象卫星的各自优势。东亚多卫星集成降水业务系统采用拉格朗日集成算法,利用静止气象卫星的红外观测信息计算的红外冷云移动矢量,为极轨气象卫星微波降水的发展提供约束条件,实现了静止气象卫星红外观测信息与极轨气象卫星微波降水的集成,综合了两类卫星观测的优势。同时业务系统的设计考虑了多数据分级管理、多业务单元的协同工作和插件式的系统整体框架,为业务系统合理、快速处理多种来源的红外观测数据、微波降水数据,以及未来的数据更迭和算法更新提供了必要保障。  相似文献   

气象无线传感网观测节点的设计与实现     

张亚  罗希昌  陈浩  江春 《气象科技》2015,43(6):1046-1052

针对传统自动气象站对电力和通讯基础设施依赖性强,应用环境受到限制的问题,设计并实现了一种基于无线传感器网络的气象观测节点。气象观测节点的硬件系统以CC2530芯片为核心,使用锂电池供电,通过模拟和数字接口连接气象传感器,射频部分工作在2.4 GHz。软件系统以TinyOS操作系统为基础,开发了基于LEPS协议的多跳路由协议和气象传感器驱动程序。在野外环境中对气象观测节点的功耗、通信距离、传感器及组网性能进行了测试。测试结果表明,气象观测节点在没有电力和通信基础设施的环境中能够形成一个稳定的多跳自组织数据采集与传输网络,适合在高山、海岛、沙漠等艰苦地区进行部署和应用。  相似文献